One for incoming transmission and one for outgoing transmission. A security association is unidirectional thus, there is a need for two sets of SA per communication party at the second level.
One for authentication header and one for encapsulating security payload. If the authentication header and encapsulating security payload are used, each communication party involved requires two sets of SA. Once this connection is established, both protocols of IPSec make use of the SA for their actual operation. The principal of the IKE protocol is to establish an SA between the communicating parties. It is an agreement between the communicating parties about the factors such as the IPSec protocol version in use mode of operation, cryptographic algorithms, cryptographic keys. SA stands for Security Association Protocol, is the output of the IKE phase. After the IKE phase, authentication header protocol and encapsulating security payload protocols take over. IPSec Protocols are designed to be independent of the actual lower-level cryptographic algorithms thus, IKE protocol is the initial phase of the IPSec where algorithms and keys are decided. IKE protocol is used to negotiate the cryptographic algorithms to be later used by authentication header and encapsulating security payload in the actual cryptographic operations. IKE protocol stands for Internet Key Exchange is a protocol used for key management procedures. Based on the result, the receiver will decide whether the content of this data packet is correct or not or being altered during the transmission. When the IP packet is received, which was processed by IPSec, the receiver first attempts the Authentication header, if present. A tunnel mode is used to encrypt the entire IP packet. Transport mode is used to encrypt and authenticate the data carried by the IP packet. It has two modes of transport mode and tunnel mode. ESP Protocol has 7 fields, namely Security Parameter Index (32-bit field), the sequence number (32-bit field), Payload data (size depends on the variable length), Padding (has 0-255 bytes), Padding length (8-bit field), Next header (8-bit field) and Authentication data (variable size). ESP will be inside the authentication header, which means that the encryption process takes place before the authentication process. It also includes the transformation of protected data into an unreasonable and encrypted format. This protocol defines the new header which needs to be inserted into the IP packets. ESP ProtocolĮSP is Encapsulating Security Payload protocol which provides the confidentiality features. The entire original IP packet is authenticated in tunnel mode, and then the Authentication header is inserted between the original IP header and the new IP header. The authentication header is present between the original IP header and the original TCP header in transport mode. Authentication header protocol has two modes of operation one is transport mode, and another is tunnel mode.
It consists of 6 fields, namely the Next header (8-bit field), Payload length (8-bit field), Reserved (16-bit field), Security Parameter Index (32-bit field), Sequence Number (32-bit field), and Authentication data (32-bit field). Data integrity service ensures that data that resides in the IP packets are not altered during the transmission of the packet. No changes are done to the content of data hence the security resides completely in the authentication header’s content. It is simply inserted between the IP header and any subsequent packet contents. IPSec authentication header protocol is a header in an IP packet that contains a cryptographic checksum for the concept of packets. The authentication header protocol provides features like authentication, integrity, and anti-replay.
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